Profile of Bacteria and Antibiogram of Sputum Specimen as an Evaluation of Antimicrobial Stewardships Program at Tertinary Care In Banyuasin
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Abstract
Background: Lower respiratory tract infections remain a major cause of morbidity, and rising antimicrobial resistance has complicated treatment decisions in many healthcare settings. This study evaluates the bacterial profile and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of sputum specimens as part of an assessment of the Antimicrobial Stewardship Program in a tertiary care hospital in Banyuasin.
Methods: A retrospective descriptive review was conducted using microbiological records from sputum specimens collected in 2023 and 2024. Only samples meeting established quality criteria and accompanied by complete culture and susceptibility results were included. Bacterial isolates were identified, and their susceptibility patterns were analyzed descriptively. Resistance trends were compared across the two years.
Results: Marked shifts in pathogen distribution and resistance patterns were observed. Acinetobacter baumannii exhibited a substantial decline in susceptibility to several key antibiotics in 2024, suggesting the emergence of more resistant strains. Pseudomonas aeruginosa also demonstrated reduced susceptibility to major antipseudomonal agents. Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli showed increasing resistance to multiple antibiotic classes. In contrast, several Gram-positive organisms displayed improved susceptibility, although some species continued to show notable resistance. Interpretation of several findings was limited by small isolate numbers.
Conclusion: The two year analysis reveals a progressively challenging antimicrobial resistance landscape, particularly among Gram-negative organisms. These findings underscore the need for routine culture-based therapy, strengthened stewardship practices, and ongoing surveillance supported by larger datasets to guide effective antibiotic policy revisions
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